Hermetic Alchemy | The Seven Hermetic Principles

These are the seven principles taught by Hermes Trismegistus, also known as Hermes, the Greek God of travelers/thieves/commerce and the messenger of the Gods. He was also known as the great priest Thoth to the Egyptians.

“….it is understood that these ideas where passed from Master to Initiate for generations, for the purpose of personal growth and with the intention of achieving a greater and deeper understanding of the self, the world and beyond. For the student of religion, philosophy and science, the Hermetic teachings act as the key to tying all of the different schools of thought into one cohesive body of knowledge.”

The Seven Principles of the Universe:

1. Principle of Mentalism: “All is Mind”

2. Principle of Correspondence: “As is above, so is below. As is below, so is above.”

3. Principle of Vibration: “Nothing rests; everything moves; everything vibrates.”

4. Principle of Polarity: “Everything is dual; everything has an opposite, and opposites are identical in nature but different in degree.”

5. Principle of Rhythm: “Everything flows, out and in; the pendulum-swing manifests in everything; the measure of the swing to the right is the measure of the swing to the left- rhythm compensates.”

6. Principle of Cause and Effect: “Every cause has its effect; every effect has its cause.”

7. Principle of Gender: “Everything has its masculine and feminine principles.”

Astrology | New Moon in Gemini, June 13th, 2018 ~ Quantum Shifts in Consciousness

L'Aura Pleiadian's avatarThe New Divine Humanity

This Powerful NEW Moon in Gemini is on June 13th, 2018 at 4:43pm ADT.

A New Beginning. An expansion in consciousness. A timeline Shift. What is it ~ that you are ready for?

Within your consciousness lives the FLAME of your Eternal Being. As Living Light you are radiating your frequency in all moments. What is it you are sending out? How much of this are you consciousness of?

This New Moon (as all New Moons) are new Beginnings, that unfold in frequencies till the following New Moon.

When we begin anew; whether that is in each moment, each rising of the Sun, each new season, new year or new Moon, we have the potential to OPEN ourselves, our Hearts to more of the eternal.

Opening to more of our Divine Ascended ~ Original Light ~ God Selves, we CONSCIOUSLY embrace ~ the truth of our existence, what we ARE…

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MANLY P. HALL ON THE FALSE LIGHT OF NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY, PSEUDO/POP-SPIRITUALITY, SPIRITUAL BYPASSING/MATERIALISM, FALSE TEACHERS/GURUS, GREED, DISHONESTY, BLACK MAGIC RITUALS, THE TRAP OF ALLURING SHORT CUTS, AND THE CORRUPTION/MISUSE OF METAPHYSCIAL/SPIRITUAL TEACHINGS AND TECNHIQUES

Written in 1937. I might add that it has only gotten worse since then (by design) as we see in today’s marketing of New Age/pop-spirituality (incld. self-help gurus in the likes of Tony Robbins and anything related to “The Secret”), distorted esoteric principles/laws and spiritual practices:

“The field of popular metaphysics is now a battlefield of competitive isms. There is no code of fair play among the merchants of pseudo-religion/spirituality. Metaphysical movements fre­quently sacrifice integrity upon the altar of success. It was once observed by a prominent business man that it takes a great deal of advertising to sell an inferior product, and nearly all over-advertised pro­ducts are inferior.

Fakery and elaborate promises always go hand in hand. Fakery generally follows the line of least resistance. Nearly all people want to be beautiful. In this department metaphysics and cosmetics share the spoil. Nearly everyone wants to have a domi­nating, powerful, magnetic personality. Nearly everyone desires to be a citizen of distinction in his own community. The poor desire money, the moderately comfortable desire wealth, and the wealthy desire more wealth. The sick want to be well, the lame, the halt and the blind want to be relieved of their infirmities. These desires taken together are a fertile field for an individual with the exploiting instinct.

People fundamentally honest, in either ma­terial or spiritual matters, are not easily fooled. It is the streak of dishonesty in human nature that makes fraud profitable. People desiring something they have not earned are almost certain to lose in their effort to get it. It is the stupidity and cupidity of millions that sustain corruption in every depart­ment of society, and religion/spirituality cannot remain pure and undefiled while the men who make up the belief are in themselves corrupt.

Many metaphysicians have come to me with their tales of woe, of how they only wanted the Elixir of Life, the Philosopher’s Stone, and the se­cret of eternal wealth; that it had been promised to them in ten easy lessons at the ridiculously low sum of twenty-five dollars, and that they had been viciously cheated by a nasty man who could not de­liver the goods.

Universal law is as im­mutable as the seasons, as inevitable as the course of the stars, and no metaphysical maestro is going to alter these inevitables in ten lessons or in ten million lessons. The law of cause and effect is as in­evitable as day and night, as certain as the tides, and as constant as the ages. This law says that ‘as ye sow, so shall ye reap’. What you earn comes to you, what you have not earned can never be yours, and neither god nor man can alter the complexion of these facts.

There is no teaching more dangerous than that of special dispensation and special privileges. There are no such things in the universe and anyone claim­ing to be able to administer them is either self-delud­ed or fraudulent. If there be one thing constant in the universe it is law. This law is the hope of the wise, the firm rock upon which the informed build their philosophy of life. It is a fatal day for the truth-seeker when he lets some pseudo-mahatma talk him out of the realization of universal integrity.

Now let us see something of the truth of the situation. What are the material results of a life dedicated to a spiritual code of action? Of course we are referring now to a life. This does not mean a few weeks of instruction or ten simple lessons. It means exactly what the words themselves mean- a lifetime, year after year lived honestly and intelligently.

A man is not spiritualized because he reads books, or because he studies with some famous teacher, even if that teacher is bona fide. He is not spiritual because he knows spiritual people, or be­cause he recites a few platitudes morning and even­ing, or because he goes into the silence, or because he prays a formula, or because he chants Sanskrit, or because he pays dues to a metaphysical organiza­tion, or because he has been “initiated” into some mystical cult.

He is only a spiritual person because year after year he lives a spiritualized, philosophical life. There is an old saying common to the clergy, that the parishioners want to go to heaven on the coat-tails of the ministry, and there are a great many people who believe that their spiritual salvation is all worked out because they have joined an organi­zation with advanced views, or because they believe in Reincarnation and Karma, or because they love animals.

Some think they work out their eternal destiny with diet. Others strive to breathe their way into a divine state. Others use packages of ap­propriate herbs gathered by a “mahatma,” on the top of the Himalayas, sold at a dollar a package to the believers.

Religion [Spirituality/Esotericism] is not a fancy process of mechanical exercises or affirmations. It is not some­ thing that you-rub on. It is something you live day by day. Religion is the improvement of the self by a constant course of self-discipline, called the philo­sophic life. It is something to be lived, not talked about; something to be practiced, not affirmed. The great metaphysical systems of the past have descended to us in a fragmentary condition due to the centuries of theological blight that nearly de­stroyed classical philosophy. Pythagoras and Plato were metaphysicians, so were Buddha and Confuc­ius, but their metaphysics has little in common with the popular brand.

To study metaphysics in the hope of curing a stomach ache, or of attaining cosmic consciousness, or increasing the income, is to be guilty of sacrilege to say the least, or possibly better, absurdity and effrontery.

The ages have sought for truth. Hun­dreds of millions have lived to achieve it and mil­lions have died for it. Heroes, martyrs, sages, saints and prophets, and demigods of forgotten ages, are the priests of this great house. The gates of this sanctuary are to be approached only with reverence. The ancient road that leads to it is worn smooth with the footsteps of uncounted multi­tudes, and the modern metaphysician of today is so incapable of perceiving even dimly the immensity and sanctity of this science, that he confuses this di­vine program with a business mens’ cooperative luncheon club, or a local clinic.

The Ancient Wisdom offers nothing to a disciple of the Great Work but the opportunity to improve himself by a consistent program of intelligently directed effort. No individ­ual is ready for a religious, spiritual or philosophical life while he has to be induced into the process of being good by promises of material reward. Wise men study philosophy, not so they will remain young forever, but that they may grow old wisely. No man studies the Ancient Wisdom teachings with a view to in­creasing his personal wealth, because philosophy, if anything, will probably separate him from what he now has.

Philosophy makes men rich not in out­ ward possessions but in inward consciousness. Philos­ophy stores up treasures within, where thieves can­ not steal nor time corrupt.

The law and the prophets are misquoted and mis­translated in an effort to make them justify the fool­ish belief that God wants all men to be healthy, happy and rich whether they live well or not. As a matter of fact, the universe has no particular inter­est in man’s happiness, any more than man is moved deeply by the state of comfort or discomfort that may exist in a beehive or ant-hill.

In order to be happy, man must live well. He must be honest to his world, honest to himself, and conscious of the purpose for his own existence. If man keeps the laws of life, lives intelligently and nobly, and uses his mind for the perfection of his inward nature and for the assistance of others, he is entitled to a reasonable amount of happiness. In fact, if he does these things, he is happy and is not spending his time looking around for platitudinous solutions to his imperfections.

The same principle applies to the problem of wealth. Nature has not decreed nor the universe foreordained that man should be wealthy; in fact the whole theory of wealth is of human fabrication, for nature stores up what it needs and man accumulates what he does not need.

Wealth is the heaviest responsibility that an individual has to carry in this world, and right decision concerning its use is one of the heaviest causes of Karma. It is a con­stant temptation and binds the individual to a host of responsibilities and decisions. It takes up a vast amount of time and renders the mind confused and wearied and unfitted for philosophical study.

True metaphysics is concerned with universal facts, with the divine life of man that extends far beyond this mortal sphere. True metaphysics is life under law, man flowing through the universe upon the currents of divine law like a ship moved by the great currents of the ocean. The wise man does not desire to escape from law but rather aspires to perfect harmony with it. Any metaphysical teacher, therefore, who would tempt man’s mind away from the acceptance of those universal principles which sustain the world is guilty of the promulgation of false doctrines. There has never been any of the great Mystery Schools that ever promised power, enlightenment or security until after the in­dividual perfected the virtues within himself.

It must be evident that a group of people gathered from all parts of a community, with no effort made to discriminate between their varying degrees of undevelopment, can never be promised any spiritual advantage by any metaphysical teacher or organiza­tion. Metaphysics is all inward chemistry, philo­sophical chemistry, based on the principle: the bet­ter we are, the more we can know. If we are not anything in ourselves, it is humanly impossible for any being, human or divine, to impress upon us the realization of truths beyond the state of our own development.

There is no exception to this, there is no way of avoiding, evading or escaping this fun­damental metaphysical fact.

Any effort to force conditions which are not mer­ited comes under the heading of Black Magic or sorcery. A sorcerer is simply a person who uses the mechanical processes of the will in an effort to force out of nature things or conditions not merited under the law of Karma. By hypnosis, by the exercise of will power, by formulas, it is sometimes possible to temporarily here in the physical world force the semblance of unjustified conditions.

A man can steal by metaphysical means just the same as he might rob a bank or forge a name, or in some other harmful way come into possession of that which is not his own, but the mere fact that it can be ac­complished in such a manner does not justify the process nor make right the wrong principle which is involved.

By the malicious use of will power and animal magnetism the law of cause and effect can apparently be nullified for a short time. But again the mere fact that it can be accomplished does not establish the integrity of such a process. The only way in which any individual can honestly possess what he desires is to earn or deserve that thing.
Again there are no exceptions.

When some meta­physician stands up and tells you that he has a pri­vate way with the universe by which he can justify the misuse of power, only very foolish people will pay any attention to him. Black magic is not philos­ophy any more than bank robbery is ethics. If the whole problem is lifted to a metaphysical level, un­trained minds are very apt to lose sight of values and proportions.

Metaphysical black magic has flourished for many thousands of years, for there always has been and will probably continue to be for an indefinite period of time a class of people who desire to possess without the labor of acquiring by legitimate means. No one can be morally dishonest and at the same time pretend to be spiritual or philosophical. On the other hand it would be wrong to say that man’s spiritual efforts, when wisely and honestly directed, are not rewarded in a wholly adequate way.

Wis­dom bestows a security far beyond that of wealth, gives inward peace and outward patience. It clears the mind of innumerable false values that clutter up the reasoning of the majority, it frees thought to contemplate the real. Philosophy rewards men with a coinage of its own, it gives them that which they have earned and which the world cannot take from them.

Wisdom is its own reward and those who possess it can never be humiliated, impoverished or degraded. Wisdom is not of this world but of the secret world that lies behind. The rewards of wisdom are not of this world but also of that secret place which is the abode of wisdom.

Wise men re­tire from worldliness to dwell in the presence of truth and in this achieve the rational end for which the human fabric was devised. Hence we cannot say that the quest for truth is all struggle and no result, for with each small gain we make within ourselves there is an appropriate extension of consciousness and enlightenment in our natures. The only thing is that we must learn not to think of philosophy in terms of dollars and cents, of real estate and of mortgages. Philosophy does not pay us in dollars because they are not of the world of philosophy.

Man has an erroneous idea that by unfolding consciousness he can become one of the princes of the earth, possessing all material things and an object of universal admiration.

Religion/Spirituality is not super-salesmanship, nor is it a substitute for the doc­tor, the dentist and the grocer. The work of religion is to give man inner character, not outer opulence. It often follows that man’s material conditions are improved by his religion, but it also frequently fol­lows that materially he remains an insignificant figure. It is a terrible mistake to use spiritual means in an effort to accomplish material ends. It is a dis­tinct prostitution of that which is too fine and too noble to be so perverted and contaminated.

The honest-minded metaphysician should avoid, as he would the plague, teachers and teachings which promise him freedom from the physical responsibili­ties of life and the famous “peace, power and plenty” psychology of the inflated 20’s.

These problems affect the beginner who must seek for truth through one of those jarring sects that make up the metaphysical-religious field of today. It may be a disappointment to some to realize that religion as aphorism or platitude is not a substitute for living, working and thinking, but this discovery must finally be made, once made, becomes the guiding star in the quest for real and permanent values.

Gone are the noble mas­ters of that elder day. Only their shadows have de­scended to us, a few fragments of their words, a story, a fable. These alone bind us to the great philosophical institutions of the past. We live in a material generation and our minds have become used to the idea of interpreting everything on a cash basis. The abstract wealth of beauty, of dream, of vision, of hope and aspiration, of ethics and logic­ all this is beyond the appreciation of the average man of today.

The underlying materialistic psychology of the age contributes much to religious fraud. We at­tempt to establish our theologies on the profit sys­tem. The whole world today is envisioning a period to come when money will not be the sovereign factor in our thoughts and lives. We are beginning to realize the limitations of wealth and that money is only useful to the degree that it can contribute to our opportun­ity to improve our inward selves. Today money can secure leisure but cannot guarantee the intelligent use of leisure. It can purchase education but education is bankrupt as far as ethical and aesthetic values are concerned.

What all men are really seeking is some form of inner contentment or tranquillity that can give them courage over outer circumstances. Philos­ophy bestows the strength of right decision, it gives resistance to temptation, and leveling all extremes of action, reduces wealth and poverty to a common state, elevating only truth to a position of first importance.

We all desire to be better than we are. There are millions of people in this country who want to understand the principles of the mystic life. In their hearts these people are willing but their viewpoints are distorted by false teachings and in­ adequate understanding. To these people must come the realization that honesty is the beginning of wis­dom and that without honesty no great spirituality can be accomplished.

Honesty should have its be­ginning in the realization that we have no right to anything we have not earned. What we have we must use wisely, what we have not we must earn. All the theological pray­ers of the ages put together have not the constructive power of one nobly executed action or one profound­ly realized truth. To pray for things we have not earned is dishonest; to pray to be relieved of evils we have not mastered is dishonest; to desire anything that is not merited is unphilosophical.

The competition of creeds may leave us upon the horns of a dilemma, but of one thing we can be sure, regardless of our creeds or our beliefs-the spiritual life begins with right action. Honesty is the first step towards truth. Self-control, inward tranquillity, detachment from possession, bal­ance of emotion-all these virtues are absolutely necessary to the understanding of any religious, spiritual or philosophical system.”

~ Manly P. Hall

Reversing the Curse for Blood Sacrifice in the Torah

This ritual can be repeated as many times as you wish. You can begin this ritualat any time.This ritual is extremely important as it reverseGenesis 9:5.
“I will surely require your blood of your lives. At the hand of every animal I will require it. At the hand of man, even at the hand of every man’s brother, I will require the life of man …”  […]

Listen to the MP3 and read more:  Reversing the Curse for Blood Sacrifice in the Torah

The Bells and Trumpets of Solomon: Resounding Instruments of the Solomonic Grimoires

Frater S.C.F.V's avatarLight in Extension: A Magical Journal

bell

By Adam J. Pearson

Introduction: Ancient Origins of Horns, Trumpets, and Bells

The roots of ceremonial bells, horns, and trumpets stretch far into the distant reaches of prehistory.  According to Hyunjong (2009, p.27), the world’s oldest known musical instrument is a bone flute that was found at a Neanderthal habitation site in Slovenia.  This early flute was fashioned between 82,000 and 43,000 years ago from the bone of a cave bear (Hyunjong, 2009).  Like the bone flute, the first blowing horns and ‘trumpets’ were also crafted from parts of hunted animals, such as animal  horns (Warner et al., 2013).  Paralleling the horn and trumpet traditions, the earliest archaeological evidence of bells uncovered thus far dates to the 3rd millennium B.C.E. in the Yangshao culture of Neolithic China; these most ancient of all human bells were fashioned from clay pottery before bronze bells emerged with the advances of the Bronze Age…

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Magdalena Tarot Forecast 6/4/18 – 6/10/18 Drop Your Weapons

alannalp's avatarMagdalena Tarot

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It’s the 23rd week of the year and the card of the week is the 7 of Swords reversed.  It’s time to stop running from the past.  Stop fearing success. Stop fearing love. Stop fearing everything that you’ve ever wanted because you cannot outrun what is meant for you.  The number of the week is 5, a number of overcoming  challenges.
Mantra:  Whatever will be willed of me.

All times in the Forecast are set to Pacific Standard Time.  For time conversions, go here.

Monday 06/04/18 The Hanged Man
Numerology: 6
Moon Void of Course in Aquarius
Card Artist: Pierre Carles
When the Hanged Man appears, hang on for a little bit longer. It’s not over yet. This is a time to surrender to the unknown. Who…

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June Astrology planet guide

Tara Greene www.taratarot.com's avatarTara Greene,Tarot,Astrology,Psychic

June 2018

Where that Moon? All times in E.D.T. and element

June1 Moon in CAPRICORN- Earth

June 2 @ 6:06 pm EDT Moon enters AQUARIUS-Air

June 5 @ 6:53 am EDT Moon enters PISCES -Water

June 7 @ 5:26 on Moon enters ARIES-Fire

June 10 @ 12:04 am Moon enters TAURUS -Earth 

June 12 @ 2:53 am Moon enters GEMINI- Air 

June 14 @ 3:20 am Moon enters CANCER- Water- its home

June 16 @ 3:21 am Moon enters LEO- Fire

June 18 @ 4:41 am Moon enters VIRGO- Earth

June 20 @ 8:29 am Moon enters LIBRA- Air

June 22 @ 3:11 pm Moon enters SCORPIO- Water

June 25 @ 12:29 am. Moon enters SAGITTARIUS -Fire

June 27 @ 11:52 am Moon enters CAPRICORN -Earth

June 30 @ 12:37 am Moon enters AQUARIUS- Air

Explanation of Aspects

Conjunctions- planets are aligned together strong aspect.

Squares- tension 90 degrees aspects

Oppositions- tense 

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June Astrology and Tarot Forecast

Tara Greene www.taratarot.com's avatarTara Greene,Tarot,Astrology,Psychic

Here’s your June Astrology and Tarot Vlog 

Astrology preview of major aspects throughout the month

Tarot Cards for each sign timestamp:

ARIES 11:09 

Taurus 12:17 

GEMINI 14:01

CANCER 15:21

Leo 17:40

VIRGO 18:53

LIBRA 21:03

SCORPIO 22:34 

SAGITTARIUS 24:25 

CAPRICORN 26:21

AQUARIUS 28:14

PISCES 30:10 

thanks Please share widely 

Get a reading with me http://www.taratarot.com

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Structure of the Golden Dawn and its Rituals: The Nature, Structure, and Role of the Soul In the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

The organization of the Golden Dawn and the contents of both its rituals and teachings connect it to the wider phenomena of western esotericism. It was not an isolated organization created in a vacuum but part of a larger tradition of esotericism in Europe dating back to the Renaissance. This connection can be seen by the methods used to bring members into the order and by the symbolism and framework around which the Golden Dawn was organized. By an examination of the complex formed by these, it can be seen that […]

 

Read more:  Structure of the Golden Dawn and its Rituals

 

The Socialist Roots and Utopian Dreams of Eliphas Lévi – The Thinker’s Garden

The legendary Eliphas Lévi was originally a socialist radical. We spoke to Dr Julian Strube to learn more about the political origins of the man Helena Blavatsky once described as “the most learned Kabbalist and Occultist of our Age”.   […]

Source: The Socialist Roots and Utopian Dreams of Eliphas Lévi – The Thinker’s Garden

Kabbalah | Why is Yesod Air and Hod Water?

A common query among those working the Golden Dawn system is why the Sephirah Yesod (and Theoricus) is attributed to Air instead of Water (after all, it is linked with the Moon, which affects the tides), and why the Sephirah Hod (and Practicus) is attributed to Water (when it is also assigned to the more intellectual, or airy, planet of Mercury). It almost seems like it’s reversed, an apparent elemental inconsistency.  […]

Read more here:  Why Is Yesod In Air and Hod In Water?

Magdalena Tarot Forecast 5/28/18 – 6/4/18 Reinvent and Rejuvinate

alannalp's avatarMagdalena Tarot

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To receive the forecast in your inbox, along with other goodies, in your inbox every week, join my mailing list here!

It’s the 22nd week of the year and the card of the week is the Hirophant Reversed. The tried and true method is not working and it’s time to approach things from a different angle. There are quite a few inspiring transits this week so use these transits as a way to help you think outside of the box.  The number of the week is 4, a number that gives us a firm foundation to build on.
Mantra: Innovate your imagination.
Card Artist:  Chris Malidore

All times in the Forecast are set to Pacific Standard Time.  For time conversions, go here.

Monday 05/28/18 6 of Cups
Numerology: 8
Moon Void of Course 10:25 A.M. PST
Moon Enters Sagittarius 3:29 P.M. PST
Card Artist: Chelle Destefano
The 6…

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Brainstorms and Lilith pain body speaks astrology

Tara Greene www.taratarot.com's avatarTara Greene,Tarot,Astrology,Psychic

the big hits  just keep in coming.

An air and earth trine

Mars in Aquarius trine Gemini sun   bright ideas and sparkling conversations

this is the time for radical think tanks,  putting your heads together and brainstorm away. In tune conversations with your tribe about astroligy-ruled by Aquarius. I’m at s huge Astrology conference in Chicago with thousands of participants. It’s amazing in the Windy City soeaking of air signs.

Mercury in Taurus @ 22+ degrees trines Lilith and Pluto

her pain body is telling the truth of the thousands of years of tape abuse sexual and emotional abuse. Harvey Weinstrin being charged is the obvious manifestation  of this energy

Speak out of your own pain body. The body never lies. There are real pragmatism resources to work with.  Speak up against all abuses against the feminine it is rampant everywhere.

Lilith is also squaring Eris in Aries

there going…

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Weekly Tarot Guidance for the week of May 28 through June 3, 2018

tarotbycecelia's avatarTarot by Cecelia

Finally, this week we arrive at the Full Moon in Sagittarius on the 29th. Take a look over the events and themes which have played out in your life over the last six months since we experienced the New Moon in Sagittarius in December. It is time for the change to begin. Also, on the 29th, Mercury slips into home sign of Gemini for the next couple of weeks, making this a favored time for communications. To hear my Weekly Tarot Guidance, 22:22 in length, you can listen for FREE on Patreon, https://patreon.com/tarotbycecelia/ – or, at the top of my Facebook page, click on “Use App” to join my Weekly/Monthly Members Only Area for only $1 per month.

Artwork Credit: Anita Inverarity – from a deck-in-progress

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On my…

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APEP

 

 
APEP

“In Egyptian mythology, Apep (also spelled Apepi, and Aapep, or Apophis in Greek) was a serpent demon who represented the forces of chaos, death, and disorder. As such, he was the mortal enemy (and polar opposite) of order, personified as the goddess Ma’at, and light, as incarnated in the form of Ra. This adversarial construal of the demon is evidenced in various surviving texts from the Middle Kingdom period onwards (ca. 2000-1650 B.C.E.), including the Book of the Dead and the Book of Gates—both of which are concerned with the geography and mythology of the underworld. Although Apep was depicted in a serpentine form, this should not be extrapolated as signifying a general demonization of snakes within Egyptian culture. As counter-examples, one should note that the creator god Atum was occasionally represented as a serpent in religious iconography, and that many apotropaic talismans were fashioned in the form of reptiles.

Apep in an Egyptian Context

As an Egyptian deity, Apep belonged to a religious, mythological and cosmological belief system that developed in the Nile river basin from earliest prehistory to around 525 B.C.E. Indeed, it was during this relatively late period in Egyptian cultural development, a time when they first felt their beliefs threatened by

 

foreigners, that many of their myths, legends and religious beliefs were first recorded. The cults were generally fairly localized phenomena, with different deities having the place of honor in different communities. Yet, the Egyptian gods (unlike those in many other pantheons) were relatively ill-defined. As Frankfort notes, “If we compare two of [the Egyptian gods] … we find, not two personages, but two sets of functions and emblems. … The hymns and prayers addressed to these gods differ only in the epithets and attributes used. There is no hint that the hymns were addressed to individuals differing in character.” One reason for this was the undeniable fact that the Egyptian gods were seen as utterly immanent—they represented (and were continuous with) particular, discrete elements of the natural world. Thus, those Egyptian gods who did develop characters and mythologies were generally quite portable, as they could retain their discrete forms without interfering with the various cults already in practice elsewhere. Furthermore, this flexibility was what permitted the development of multipartite cults (i.e. the cult of Amun-Re, which unified the domains of Amun and Re), as the spheres of influence of these various deities were often complimentary.

The worldview engendered by ancient Egyptian religion was uniquely defined by the geographical and calendrical realities of its believers’ lives. The Egyptians viewed both history and cosmology as being well ordered, cyclical and dependable. As a result, all changes were interpreted as either inconsequential deviations from the cosmic plan or cyclical transformations required by it. The major result of this perspective, in terms of the religious imagination, was to reduce the relevance of the present, as the entirety of history (when conceived of cyclically) was defined during the creation of the cosmos. The only other aporia in such an understanding is death, which seems to present a radical break with continuity. To maintain the integrity of this worldview, an intricate system of practices and beliefs (including the extensive mythic geographies of the afterlife, texts providing moral guidance (for this life and the next) and rituals designed to facilitate the transportation into the afterlife) was developed, whose primary purpose was to emphasize the unending continuation of existence. Given these two cultural foci, it is understandable that the tales recorded within this mythological corpus tended to be either creation accounts or depictions of the world of the dead, with a particular focus on the relationship between the gods and their human constituents.

The Development of Apep

From earliest Egyptian prehistory, snakes (and other reptiles) were regarded with a mixture of awe, fear and respect. Their alien appearance, coupled with the dangers inherent in their venom-laced attacks and their ability to “return to life” following a period of hibernation, guaranteed reverence from the Egyptians (likely due to their naturalistic cosmology and theology (described above)). As a result of these generalized (and historically ancient) attitudes towards

serpents, it is understandable that they would suggested themselves to the mythic imagination as suitable aggressors against the forces of order and light: “Apep, the serpent-devil of mist, darkness, storm, and night, … and his fiends, the ‘children of rebellion,’ were not the result of the imagination of the Egyptians in historic times, but their existence dates from the period when Egypt was overrun by mighty beasts, huge serpents, and noxious reptiles of all kinds.”

More specifically, Apep (when characterized as a single, discrete antagonist to the gods) emerged during the twenty-first century B.C.E., as the Egyptian pantheon was coalescing into a henotheism ruled by a sun god. This deity, alternately identified as Ra, Atum-Ra, Amun-Ra, or Ra-Horekhty, was seen as the creator of the universe and the upholder of Ma’at (order). As a result, the demonic serpent, already associated with darkness and disorder, came to be seen as the greatest enemy of Ra.Given the cyclical understanding of time that dominated the Egyptian worldview (as described above), the contention between the solar deity and the serpent of darkness was understood to be enacted every day, from the disappearance of the sun at dusk to its triumphant return at dawn. This notion led to the development of an involved mythology of conflict between these forces, as will be explored below.

In a later creation account, the problem of theodicy is explicitly addressed by claiming that Apep (and the forces of chaos and confusion that he represents) are an inherent part of the created order. Specifically, he was thought to have sprung into existence from the spittle of Neith (the personification of the primordial waters), which meant that Apep was a part of the creation from the very beginning. As Zivie-Coche notes, “in this particular vision of the world, which I think has no parallel, evil was created in its symbolic form of Apopis. The faults worked in the cosmos by the presence of evil were not contrary to the creative will of the creator god, and this point of view was a way of mythically ratifying the reality of this world and its deficiencies.”

Though Apep was generally understood to be the ultimate force of evil in the Egyptian theology, other deities occasionally came to occupy a similarly reviled place. One of the most notable was Set, former patron of the deserts and guardian of the Lower Kingdom, who was adopted as a chief deity by the Hyksos after their conquest of Egypt (ca. 1650 B.C.E.). Since these foreign overlords were hated by nationalistic groups, Set was gradually demonized, to the extent that he came to be characterized as an evil god. As a result, he eventually took on many of the characteristics of Apep. Despite this development, Set never entirely displaced Apep, likely because he was still identified as one of the most potent defenders of the Sun God on his nightly voyage.

Battles with Ra

An Egyptian deity (likely Ra in the guise of the “Great Tom Cat”) slays the snake-like Apep.

The tales of the sun’s nightly battles against the forces of darkness (represented by Apep) were extensively elaborated upon during the New Kingdom period (1550-1070 B.C.E.). In this cosmological understanding, the serpent demon was thought to reside below the horizon, in the heart of the duat (underworld). In some versions, Apep waited for Ra (ensconced in the solar barque) in a western mountain called Bakhu, where the sun set, and in others Apep lurked just before dawn, in the Tenth region of the Night. The wide range of possible locations for this dreadful battle earned Apep the title World Encircler.

In these battles, Apep attempted to transfix the assembled gods using his hypnotic gaze, after which point he sought to devour them (whilst simultaneously choking the river on which they traveled). In his efforts, Apep was thought to be aided by a coterie of lesser demons, all of whom had to be slain or driven away by the defenders of the god. Fortunately for Ra, he also had the assistance of various powerful deities, including Set (a being renowned for his might), Mehen (a serpent god), Serket (a scorpion goddess), Maahes (a lion god), Bast (a cat goddess), and Shu (the primordial personification of air).These myths are best explored through the surviving textual corpus, accounts from which are quoted at length below.

The earliest part of the night, when the sun has first disappeared beyond the horizon, is described in the Book of Gates:

When AFU-Ra has passed through, and the Gate is closed, the gods outside set up a wail, for they must abide in darkness until he re-appears. So soon as the god has entered the DIVISION four gods of the Tuat appear and take hold of the tow-line, but they cannot advance until a path is cleared for them. The obstacles in their way take the forms of the huge serpent APEP, and a great crocodile, the tail of which is in the form of a serpent’s head and neck; the name of the latter monster is given both as SESHSESH and SESSI. These have taken up their positions at the end of the DIVISION, in that portion of the Tuat which is not very far from the place of sunrise, and a company of beings appear on behalf of AFU-RA, and proceed to remove the monsters by means of words of power and magical ceremonies. Having taken up their positions for attacking Apep the men with the harpoons work the rope which is attached to AM, the goddesses and the apes shake out their rope nets over their heads, and recite their spells, and the men who know the proper words of power shake out their nets and recite the formulae which shall have the effect of throwing APEP and SESSI into the state of stupefaction wherein it will be easy to slay them. The spells and words of power have their proper effect, the monsters are fascinated and slain, and the path of AFU-RA is clear.

Despite the grim profile of Apep on the horizon, the solar barque—propelled by the magical utterances of the divine host—sails inexorably forward:

The Majesty of this great god taketh up his abode in the Hall of Osiris, and the Majesty of this god addresseth words to the Hall of the gods who dwell therein. This god performeth all the rites proper [for entering] this Hall, and he advanceth on his way against Apep by means of the words of power of Isis, and by means of the words of power of the Sovereign God.

When the assembled gods finally descend upon the venomous serpent, they fall upon him in a furious array:

Those who are in this scene [with] their weapons in their hand take their knives and hack [with them] at Apep; they make gashes in him and slaughter him, and they drive stakes whereby to fetter him in the regions which are in the upper height. The fetters of the REBEL are in the hands of the Children of Horus, who stand threateningly by this god with their chains between their fingers. This god reckoneth up his members after he whose arms are hidden hath opened [the door] to make a way for Ra.

With this, the serpent god is repelled, his odious influence mitigated until the recommencement of hostilities the following night.

In addition to their role in the mythic cosmology, some of these tales also had an etiological function. Specifically, various natural occurrences were explained by suggesting that they were instances where Apep had briefly gained the upper hand in the titanic struggle. For example, the rumbling of thunder and the chthonic trembling of earthquakes were both attributed to the thrashings of the giant reptile. Further, it was even thought that Apep could occasionally manage to swallow Ra during the day, which would cause a solar eclipse. Fortunately, Ra’s defenders were present to cut the god free, meaning that eclipses always ended within a few minutes.” – New World Encyclopedia