Theosophy | THEURGY AND TRANSMUTATION – III

The eternal and transcendental geography of Mount Meru is partially mirrored in divisions of the earth connected with the polar regions. Hence, northern Asia is termed the eternal or perpetual land and the Antarctic is called the ever-living and the concealed. The freedom of the polar regions from the vicissitudes of racial evolution and geological change is a reflection of the permanence of the axis mundi of Mount Meru. The association of the North Pole with Sveta Dwipa, however, should not be thought of merely in terms of a terrestrial region. It would be more helpful to think of a Fohatic magnetic field associated with ice and snow. It is to be found both in snow-capped mountains and in desert oases, such as the Gobi Desert of Central Asia. The poles of the earth are likened in Gupta Vidya to valves regulating the ingress and egress of the solar-selenic radiance affecting the earth. They are intimately connected, through Fohatic arteries girdling the globe, with the circulations of daimons in the atmosphere. By correspondence, within the human form they are analogous to the circulation of the blood and other fluids with their invisible elemental constituents.

 To connect this meta-geography with the inward life of the soul, one must connect the idea of pilgrimage to the idea of the restoration of the obscured flows of spiritual energies within the human temple. As Shankara and others taught, the sacred places of pilgrimage in the world mirror centres within the human body. Thus, there is a deep meaning behind the saying of the Puranas that even the incarnated gods themselves rejoiced to be born in the condition of men in Bharata Varsha in the Third Root Race. In one sense, Bharata Varsha is India, the original chosen land and the best division of Jambhu Dwipa. More essentially, Bharata Varsha is the land of active spiritual works par excellence, the land of initiation and divine knowledge. Hence H.P. Blavatsky’s remark that one who visits India in a proper state of mind can find more blessings and more lessons than anywhere else on this earth.

 Evidently, this must not be understood in an external mechanistic or physical sense, since there are millions upon millions of souls on the Indian subcontinent who have nothing to do with this eternal current. Just as thousands of people might never show Buddhic perception, even though they saw Sir Richard Attenborough’s powerful film on Gandhi, so too, numerous individuals could either visit or be born in India without developing Buddhic insight. Rather, H.P. Blavatsky’s comment must be understood in the light of Christ’s statement that whenever two or three are gathered in his name, he was present amongst them. Again, one could think of the meaning of Dharmakshetra in Kurukshetra, the invisible and omnipresent field of dharma wherein all human beings ceaselessly live and move. Hence the teaching of the eighteenth chapter of the Gita: “Wherever Krishna, the supreme Master of devotion, and wherever the son of Pritha, the mighty archer, may be, there with certainty are fortune, victory, wealth, and wise action.”

 The awakening of Buddhi depends upon soul refinement and soul sensitivity, which can only emerge from a noetic understanding of the noumenal language of the soul. That language is experienced by every human being during deep sleep, but it can only be developed when significant connections are made between what transpires in deep sleep and in waking life. One must learn to understand arcane symbols at many levels. One must, for example, become receptive to the idea that the Sveta Dwipa of the Puranas is one with the Shamballa of Buddhist tradition, and that both are identical with the abode of the Builders, the luminous Sons of Manvantaric Dawn. All such mystical names pertain to a plane of consciousness accessible to human beings within. Mount Meru and the mystical descent of the Ganges can be correlated with critical points within the spiritual spinal cord and the invisible brain. Yogic meditation transports one to inner centres, wherein dwell the gods of light. In this Sveta Dwipa, the luminous Sons of Manvantaric Dawn are eternally present during the mahamanvantara. Though they came out of the Unknown Darkness, according to mythic chronology, they are still ever present on that plane as the root of the world, as timeless spectators in the bliss of non-being. Man links heaven and earth so fully that no mode of incarnation can entirely erase the alchemical signature of one’s origin.

 The lessons of mythic chronology and mystical geography must be applied by each individual to his or her own incarnation. All human beings are always involved with the cycles of the gods and daimons, the devas, devata and elementals. Every child is basically an Atma-Buddhic spark with a ray of lower Manas which becomes active in the seventh month in the mother’s womb. Typically, the ray of Manas does not become active until the age of seven, around which time it brings with it the power to choose and to take responsibility. In some it may be retarded, in others it may come too soon, before there is adequate moral preparation. But the parent who would follow the wise practices of the oldest cultures will only do the minimum that is needed for the baby. That parent will leave the baby alone to bathe in its own state of consciousness. At the same time, adults should listen to a baby’s sounds and address it as an immortal soul, as a human being capable of controlling and commanding the elementals. In so doing, an adult can arouse in the elementals that gather round a child those which are benevolent as well as those which are strong but not possessive. That everything essential to human life is capable of universalization and capable of becoming an object of responsibility may be imparted to a child before it learns to walk, or certainly when it learns to talk. Then it is crucial to draw out a baby’s innate intuition in Atma-Buddhi by explaining and guiding it through the incarnation of Manas.

 By the age of seven, the child should have learnt to sit still and to receive wisdom, and be prepared to inhabit Bharata Varsha. This is nothing but a recapitulation of human evolution up until the midpoint of the Third Root Race, when the Manasa Dhyanis descended into the waiting human forms. Between the ages of seven and fourteen, a child must be very still, calm and deliberate. It can be taught deliberation by deliberate parents; anxious parents find, to their shock, their own neuroses reflected in their children. A child who is given enough basis for self-respect and self-consciousness without verbalization, before the age of seven, can, after Manas awakens it, engage in proper dialogue with a respect for alternatives and a freedom of thought. This combination of discernment and discipline is crucial if the child is to resist the chaos of companions in junior high and high school. Here both parents and children alike should closely observe and follow the best examples they can find. They should withdraw attention from negative examples, abstaining from needless analysis. In this way, the parent may help a child overcome the tendency, prevalent since Atlantis, of fascination with evil.

 All this preparation encourages a balance between the centrifugal and centripetal forces which engage the incarnated ray more fully by the age of fourteen. The centrifugal power of spirit or Buddhi is capable of diffusing from a single point in every direction within a sphere. This omnidirectional diffusion mirrors the ceaseless motion of the Atman. In Manas, the capacity to hold, to focus and to concentrate these energies is associated with the centripetal energies. A helpful example in the balancing of these energies may be gleaned from those older cultures which never allowed people to speak when they were confused or excited until they had sat down. Adolescents must learn to collect themselves, to draw their energies together in calmness, if they are to avoid the rush, the tension and the anxiety endemic to the cycle between fourteen and twenty-one. Once they have developed some mature calmness, depth and strength, they can release the potential of the higher energies of Atma-Buddhi-Manas. In a sense, all humanity is presently engaged in this adolescent phase.

 In the Aquarian Age a dynamic principle of balance is needed. Whilst this has its analogues on the physical plane, and even in the astral vesture, it must not be approached on this level, lest there be a degradation of the idea into Hatha Yoga. Instead, one must begin with the Buddhi-Manasic, with the emotional and mental nature, and find on the physical plane appropriate means of expressing that creative balance. Thus one can produce a rhythmic flow and a light ease in one’s sphere of influence which reflects a life of deep meditation. The ultimate aim is a fusion of love and wisdom, which then becomes Wisdom-Compassion, the fusion of Buddhi and Manas. The fusion of Buddhi and Manas at the highest level is inseparable from the path of adeptship.

 Because of the inherent pacing and cycle of soul-evolution, and because of the karmic encrustations human beings have produced in themselves through associations with secondary and tertiary hosts of daimons, no one can be expected to accomplish all of this in a single lifetime, or indeed in any immediate future series of lives. But each being can make a beginning, and, at some level, fuse Buddhi and Manas. Although overactive in kama manas, most human beings are mediumistic, yet in the antaskarana there are authentic longings for the higher. Such longings must first be purified and made manasic through universalization. This requires sifting finer thoughts and higher impulses from the dross of kama manas, then releasing them for the welfare of humanity as a whole. This means ignoring statistical portraits of humanity given by mass media and developing an inward sense of one’s intimate relationship on the plane of ideation and aspiration with millions upon millions of immortal souls.

 The more one can change the ratios of one’s thought about oneself, one’s thought about Bodhisattvas, and one’s thought about humanity, the better. As these ratios change, the patterns of one’s associations of daimons and elementals will shift, progressively transmuting one’s vestures and refining one’s capacity for benevolence. Gradually, as one thinks more and more in the direction of Bodhisattvas and of humanity, one will come to see oneself as someone who has the confidence and capacity to control elementals at home, at work and in the world. Thus, one can help oneself and so help others to recover the lost link with the Manasa Dhyanis. One may learn to become a being of true meditation and compassion, capable of serving as a self-conscious living link between heaven and earth.

Raghavan Iyer
The Gupta Vidya II

Uraeus: Symbolism and Power in Ancient Egypt

The Uraeus is a representation of the goddess Wadjet in the form of an upright cobra. The Uraeus symbol was the favored protective emblem of many pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, who were the only ones permitted to carry it as a distinct symbol of royalty. Etymology The term “Uraeus” was utilized by the Upper Egyptian […]

Source: Uraeus: Symbolism and Power in Ancient Egypt

Isiopolis | Isis & the Magic of Myrrh

Myrrh (commiphora myrrha) was one of the most sacred herbal substances of ancient Egypt and was a precious offering given to all the Deities. It was used in two primary forms: essential oil and gum resin. Myrrh oil was considered one of the Seven Sacred Oils of Egypt and the gum resin was frequently burned as incense. Both oil and resin were used in a wide variety of perfumes and medicines. […]

Read on: Isiopolis

The Enchanting World of Rose Gardens

R𝚘s𝚎 𝚐𝚊𝚛𝚍𝚎ns 𝚑𝚊v𝚎 𝚊n i𝚛𝚛𝚎sisti𝚋l𝚎 𝚊ll𝚞𝚛𝚎 t𝚑𝚊t t𝚛𝚊nsc𝚎n𝚍s tim𝚎 𝚊n𝚍 c𝚞lt𝚞𝚛𝚎. T𝚑𝚎s𝚎 𝚎x𝚚𝚞isit𝚎 l𝚊n𝚍sc𝚊𝚙𝚎s 𝚑𝚊v𝚎 𝚋𝚎𝚎n c𝚑𝚎𝚛is𝚑𝚎𝚍 𝚏𝚘𝚛 c𝚎nt𝚞𝚛i𝚎s, 𝚊n𝚍 t𝚑𝚎i𝚛 𝚎n𝚍𝚞𝚛in𝚐 𝚙𝚘𝚙𝚞l𝚊𝚛it𝚢 is 𝚊 t𝚎st𝚊m𝚎nt t𝚘 t𝚑𝚎 tim𝚎l𝚎ss 𝚋𝚎𝚊𝚞t𝚢 𝚘𝚏 𝚛𝚘s𝚎s. A 𝚛𝚘s𝚎 𝚐𝚊𝚛𝚍𝚎n is n𝚘t j𝚞st 𝚊 c𝚘ll𝚎cti𝚘n 𝚘𝚏 𝚏l𝚘w𝚎𝚛s; it’s 𝚊 s𝚊nct𝚞𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝚘𝚏 c𝚘l𝚘𝚛s, 𝚏𝚛𝚊𝚐𝚛𝚊nc𝚎s, 𝚊n𝚍 𝚎m𝚘ti𝚘ns. In t𝚑is 𝚊𝚛ticl𝚎, w𝚎 […]

Source: The Enchanting World of Rose Gardens

Freemasonry and the Knights Templar: A New Order? | Documentary

Freemasonry, the teachings and practices of the secret fraternal order of Free and Accepted Masons, the largest worldwide secret society. Spread by the advance of the British Empire, Freemasonry remains most popular in the British Isles and in other countries originally within the empire. Freemasonry evolved from the guilds of stonemasons and cathedral builders of the Middle Ages.

Freemasonry and the Knights Templar are both fraternal organizations, but they have different origins and beliefs.

Freemasonry is a fraternity that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. These fraternities were composed of stonemasons who were working on the construction of the great cathedrals and castles of Europe. They developed a system of moral teachings and a code of conduct that was passed on to new members through a series of rituals and ceremonies. Over time, these fraternities evolved into a more speculative organization, which came to be known as Freemasonry. Today, Freemasonry is a fraternity that is open to men of good character who believe in a Supreme Being. It is a fraternity that emphasizes personal development and self-improvement through a system of moral teachings and symbols.

On the other hand, The Knights Templar were a medieval Christian military order founded in the 12th century. The order was created to protect Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land. The Templars quickly grew in power and wealth, and they became one of the most powerful organizations in Europe. They were also known for their secrecy and their distinctive white mantles adorned with a red cross. The order was dissolved by Pope Clement V in the early 14th century, and many of the Templars were arrested, tortured and executed.

While Freemasonry uses the imagery and symbology of stonemasonry as a metaphor for personal development, the Knights Templar were a religious order. Some people believe that Freemasonry has its roots in the Knights Templar, but there is no evidence to support this claim. Some conspiracy theories suggest that the Templars went underground after the suppression of their order and that they became the basis of the Freemasons. But there is no historical evidence to support this claim. Furthermore, the principles and beliefs of the two organizations are vastly different. The Knights Templars were a religious order and the Freemasonry is a fraternity, with no religious connotation, but it requires its members to have a belief in a Supreme Being.

#knightstemplar #freemasonry #conspiracy #documentary

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Interesting links and sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History…
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Free… https://www.history.com/news/freemaso…

Possible Signs of the Existence of Atlantis

Possible signs of the existence of Atlantis

The existence of Atlantis has not yet been proven. However, we have the odd testimony described in texts by Plato and in the well-known dialogues of Timaeus and Critias. But, is there concrete evidence about the existence or not of this lost continent?

At the moment we do not yet have conclusive evidence. We are told that Atlantis had a vast territory with a great naval force. That it very possibly rose in front of the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar) and that it was inhabited by an almost “ideal” society.

They had great natural resources, a varied fauna where, for example, elephants were not lacking. There is also talk of a mountain surrounded by water, of a very distinguished acropolis with a royal palace and of a temple in honor of Poseidon, that god who protected them for a long time.

Until one day, the Atlanteans became too proud and lost the favor of their deity. Timaeus tells us, among other things, that they came to dominate the existing territories from Libya to Egypt, until at the end a violent earthquake made that prosperous country disappear in the absolute silence of the waters.

But do we have feasible evidence to show us the veracity of all this? Today we offer you the latest data available.

The original metal of Atlantis: the Orichalcum

The news appeared in various international media, such as the “Daily Mail”. In these media we are told of a hopeful discovery, made by a group of archaeologists from an Italian university, the “Suor Orsola Benincasa”

And what is this finding about? It was off the coast of Sicily, in a city called Gela. Beneath its calm and blue waters, there was an old sunken ship. Submerged about 300 meters deep.

What was inside it ignited the most subtle anticipation among the experts. In the old ship’s bellies were 39 ingots of something very special.

A material that is known as Orichalcum, Oricalco or Orihalcon. It is a type of legendary metal that appears in detail described in Plato’s work, as the most typical thing that was extracted from the mines of Atlantis. The second most valuable after gold. It is a Greek word that can be translated as “mountain copper.”

One of the lumps of ‘orichalcum’ that was found on the seabed just off the coast of Gela, in southern Sicily.

After various analyzes it has been discovered that the Orichalcum is actually a mixture of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and iron and, in turn, these ingots coincide with the details that Plato himself provided about how they used to be smelted.

But if these ingots are interesting, the ship where they were found is even more interesting. It is a very old ship; According to scientists, it must be just over 2,600 years old, which places it on a route that would go from some point farther in the Mediterranean to Asia Minor , at which point a storm ended up sinking it.

It should also be noted that, until recently, many considered the Orichalcum as something very similar to amber and without any relationship to Atlantis.

Others do relate it to the lost continent, but now, authors such as the British researcher James Allen, tell us that it would be more accurate to place Atlantis in the Andean Altiplano, since orichalcum is very similar to the natural alloy of gold and copper that there are in the mines in Urukilia, near Pampa Aullagas, in Bolivia. In fact, there are beautiful crafts with this material.

But what was recently discovered off the coast of Sicily gives us a new type of metal made up of 75-80% copper, 15-20% zinc and small traces of nickel, lead and iron.

Does it then belong to the mines that Plato said existed in Atlantis? We don’t know yet, but as the investigations progress we will inform you, because the subject undoubtedly deserves it.

What is your opinion? Do you think Atlantis really existed?

Dynasty 0: The Origin of Pharaonic Egypt

Dynasty 0: The Origin of Pharaonic Egypt

Five thousand years ago, the rulers of Upper Egypt cast their gaze upon the kingdoms of the Nile Delta and embarked on a conquest that, according to all indications, was accomplished by Narmer, the ruler of Nekhen, who is considered the first pharaoh of a unified Egypt.

In the 3rd century BC, the Egyptian priest Manetho composed a history of Egypt in Greek for King Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Unfortunately, from this work, known as Aegyptiaca, only a few passages have been preserved, reduced to the enumeration of thirty-one dynasties along with the names of the sovereigns who constituted them and references to some significant events during their reigns.

According to Manetho, the history of dynasties commenced with Menes, acknowledged as the inaugural pharaoh of Egypt and the founder of the First Dynasty. Prior to Menes, also known as Narmer, the land of the Nile was ruled by gods and demigods.

However, modern archaeology has revealed that long before Narmer’s reign, a lengthy process of unification of the entire Egyptian territory was underway. This process was led by monarchs hailing from Upper Egypt, the southern region of the country, who are associated with what we now call “Dynasty 0.”

These monarchs ruled during the Late Predynastic or Protodynastic period, spanning from 3300 to 3100 BC. This period corresponds to the concluding phase of the culture recognized by Egyptologists as Nagada III.

Today, Nagada (known as Nubt in ancient Egyptian and Ombos in Greek) is merely a village. However, it remains a crucial archaeological site for establishing the origins of these rulers of the 0th dynasty who embarked on their campaign to conquer the northern regions of the country.

The Earliest Kingdoms

Prior to the Late Predynastic period, the various “urban” communities in Upper Egypt had clustered along the Nile, where arable land was abundant.

Peasants made use of the river’s annual flooding, combined with early artificial irrigation techniques, to enhance agricultural productivity. This allowed for the cultivation of a wider range of crops, including cereals, fruits, and vegetables, leading to a substantial population increase.

As these communities grew, they began to be governed by leaders who were universally accepted and respected. Undoubtedly, these leaders must have possessed qualities of both military prowess and effective mediation.

Between 3500 and 3300 BC, corresponding to the Nagada II or Gerzense culture, Upper Egypt featured three prominent population centers that outshone the rest: the proto-kingdoms of Hierakonpolis (known as Nekhen in Egyptian), Nagada, and Tinis-Abydos. Their expansion led to fierce competition for dominance over the entire region and control of exotic trade goods.

The rivalries among these three centers eventually culminated in the triumph of Hierakonpolis. It unified Upper Egypt under its rule and established a highly centralized government. The victorious leaders of Hierakonpolis settled in the nearby town of Tinis-Abydos, possibly with plans for future expansion northward.

It’s worth noting that the necropolises of Upper Egypt’s most influential regional centers contained burials of varying social classes during this period. The quantity and quality of funerary objects discovered in certain graves point to the emergence of a powerful elite within an increasingly hierarchical society.

While Upper Egypt achieved military unity (possibly through alliances as well as conflicts), the settlements in Lower Egypt, specifically in the Delta region, did not form a cohesive kingdom. Some prominent elites may have existed in cities like Buto (known as Pe in Egyptian) or Sais. However, in general terms, the various communities remained autonomous from one another.

Furthermore, these Lower Egyptian communities had experienced limited social changes since the Neolithic era. They were societies with minimal social disparities, as evidenced by the simplicity of the tombs unearthed in the region. These tombs typically consisted of small, ground-dug oval graves with basic funerary belongings.

Upper and Lower Egypt

Gradually, the cultures in the northern regions abandoned their traditional practices and material culture in favor of those from Upper Egypt. They adopted features like wheel-turned pottery with a red glaze and the crafting of stone vessels, which were characteristic of Nagada II.

By the onset of the Late Predynastic period, around 3300 BC, the indigenous culture of Lower Egypt had vanished, supplanted by elements from Upper Egypt. Now, the entire country was culturally united, though not politically. The political unification that would ultimately lead to the formation of the pharaonic state commenced in the south during the final phase of the Predynastic era. The expansion of Upper Egypt toward the north must have been gradual and intricate, occurring under the rule of various kings from Dynasty 0.

It is intriguing to note that in later dynastic times, starting in the 3rd millennium BC, the falcon god Horus, symbolizing order, was regarded as the protective deity of Lower Egypt, while the warrior god Set, symbolizing chaos, served as the patron deity of Upper Egypt. According to mythology, Horus and Set clashed when the latter slew Osiris, the father of Horus. Until recently, scholars interpreted this mythical conflict between Horus and Set as a reflection of the struggles between two predynastic kingdoms: one from Upper Egypt and the other from Lower Egypt.

However, contemporary understanding suggests that the unification process did not result from a confrontation between an Upper Egyptian ruler and a unified Delta. In reality, Egypt’s transformation into a territorial state resulted from the successive conquests carried out by the kings of Upper Egypt over several generations.

In this context, the concept of Egypt as a land of the Two Lands (comprising two kingdoms) lacks historical grounding. Instead, it aligns with the Egyptian notion that a whole is constituted by two opposing yet complementary parts. These two halves, Upper and Lower Egypt, had their own patron gods and emblematic symbols. Consequently, Set and the city of Hierakonpolis became the protective deity and symbolic capital of Upper Egypt, while the falcon god Horus and the city of Buto assumed the role of the protective deity and symbolic capital of Lower Egypt.

The Tomb of an Unknown King

Archaeological excavations conducted in Tinis-Abydos have unveiled the history of Egypt’s unifiers—the rulers of the 0th dynasty.

Starting from the Nagada III period, Abydos, serving as the necropolis of the city of Tinis (whose precise location remains unknown), became the final resting place for these rulers.

Their tombs have been identified in what we now recognize as Cemetery U and Cemetery B. Among the tombs, the most extensive and intricate one is the Uj tomb, associated with a leader or sovereign who lived around 3250 BC.

The discovery and excavation of this tomb took place in 1988, led by archaeologists from the German Institute in Cairo under the guidance of Egyptologist Günter Dreyer. Covering an area of 66.4 square meters, the tomb comprises twelve interconnected chambers linked by narrow vertical slots.

Despite being plundered in ancient times, archaeologists uncovered bone and ivory artifacts, including intricately carved knife handles, stone containers, a significant cache of ceramics (including plates, bread molds, and jugs containing scented oil, fats, and beer), as well as up to 400 vessels believed to have been imported from Canaan, possibly used to store wine.

Within the burial chamber, remnants of a wooden chapel and a complete ivory heqa scepter were discovered. The heqa scepter, shaped like a staff, symbolized royal authority during dynastic periods. Its presence in the tomb strongly suggests the royal status of its occupant.

Among the diverse array of funerary objects found in the Uj tomb of Abydos, the most significant for researchers may be the 150 small bone or ivory tablets engraved with the earliest hieroglyphic signs recorded in Egyptian history. These signs also appeared inscribed in black ink on ceramic vessels and represent the oldest known evidence of writing in the Nile region, possibly even the oldest writing in the world. These inscriptions confirm the indigenous origin of Egyptian writing and suggest its connection to the realm of royal funerals.

While the identity of the tomb’s occupant remains a mystery, the frequent appearance of the scorpion symbol on the ceramic vessels found there has led to the suggestion that the sovereign interred here might have been referred to as King Scorpion I. However, this is likely a symbolic name, and the prominently depicted scorpion sign may represent one of the many symbols of his power and strength rather than a literal name.

The Trials of Unification

As previously explained, the political unification of Egypt was the outcome of an extended series of military conquests in the Delta region carried out by the kings of Upper Egypt, predating the First Dynasty.

Our sole evidence of these conquests stems from the relief scenes found in the “unification documents,” which date back to the conclusion of the Predynastic era. These documents include knife handles, votive mace heads, and sizable ceremonial palettes, originally utilized as platforms for cosmetics preparation.

The Palettes of the Lion and the Bull depict the king in the guise of a lion or a bull, engaged in combat against enemies or fortified cities. These themes frequently recur in the iconography of the period and likely offer a representation of actual events.

The rulers credited with accomplishing the unification of the Two Lands are Narmer and Scorpion, though many experts propose that they might be one and the same individual.

In their respective city of origin, Hierakonpolis, a significant cult center linked to the falcon god Horus, numerous votive objects bearing these names have been unearthed. These include the renowned Palette of Narmer and the mace heads featuring Scorpion and Narmer.

It is highly probable that the scenes etched on the Narmer votive palette portray the culmination of this unification process. Narmer, recognized as the first ruler of the First Dynasty and the founder of the city of Memphis, is credited with finalizing the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BC.

Source: Irene Cordón i Solà-Sagalés, National Geographic

Shoulder of the bulls, from Abydos. Louvre Museum, Paris. Bridgeman
Handle of the Gebel El-Arak knife, made of ivory. Louvre Museum, Paris. Bridgeman

The Myth of RA

Myth of Ra

Throughout most of ancient Egyptian history, the god Ra was the supreme deity who governed the passage of hours, days, months, years, and seasons.

He brought order to the universe and made life possible. Ra could manifest in two other forms: Khepri, symbolizing birth or rebirth as the dung beetle, and Atum, representing the complete being.

The ancient Egyptian clergy explained that the sun star could assume different forms during its journey across the sky: Khepri represented the rising sun, Ra symbolized the sun at its zenith, and Atum represented the setting sun.

Ra’s daily emergence from the depths of the Duat (underworld) symbolized the cyclical nature of creation, and he was particularly venerated at Heliopolis.

During the Old Kingdom, the cult of Ra had a significant influence, combining with the two primary deities of creation, Atum and Amun, to give rise to hybrid entities like Atum-Ra and later Amun-Ra.

This is how the sun god became worshipped as a creator god. Ra was also considered the ancestor of the pharaohs, and his role grew even more complex as he merged with other gods.

The Birth of Ra

There are various versions of Ra’s birth. In a classic rendition, as recounted notably by Neil Philip in his work “Myths and Legends,” Ra created himself by naming himself, just as he would create the elements of life by drawing them from the Nun, the primordial ocean.

In a variant, Ra is said to have been brought into the world by the goddess Neith during the darkness that presided over the emergence of life on Earth.

When confronted by this darkness, he began to cry, and humanity was born from his tears. Neith also gave birth to the serpent Apophis (Apep). Apophis and Ra were in constant conflict, clashing night after night.

Ra, whether as Atum-Ra or Amun-Ra, was not only the god of the sun but also the ruler of both gods and humans. Ra, and later his sons, reigned on Earth. The eye of Ra watched and observed everything, sparing nothing from its gaze.

The fascinating story of the Papyrus of Ani, one of the most spectacular scrolls of the Book of the Dead

The fascinating story of the Papyrus of Ani, one of the most spectacular scrolls of the Book of the Dead

The Papyrus of Ani is one of the best-known versions of the Book of the Dead. It is believed that it was written about the nineteenth dynasty.

Among other things, its importance is because it contemplates the largest number of chapters among all the texts that have been found, explaining in detail the judgment of Osiris, a moment in which the soul of the deceased faces a judgment on the conduct of his past life.

The ancient Egyptians had a lot of respect for death. They cared more about the afterlife than the present one. For this reason, those who could afford it, as it was very expensive, did not hesitate to purchase their own Book of the Dead.

They could be made to order, thus bearing the name of the deceased and having previously chosen the spells for his papyrus. On the other hand, series of the Books of the Dead were also frequent, in which space was left to place the name of the deceased (they would obviously be cheaper).

Taking this into account, we can affirm that Ani was someone of great relevance. In the text, it is already said that he was a scribe, and the truth is that the scribes enjoyed an excellent social position at that time.

The text thus reveals that Ani was a “true royal scribe and administrator of the divine offerings of all the gods”, “Governor of the granary of the lords of Abydos and scribe of the divine offerings of the Lords of Thebes,” and “Beloved of the lord of the north and south”.

All this makes us see that he was of a high rank and that his position allowed him to pay for such a complex and elaborate book.

Egyptologists believe that the book was written by three different scribes. This is because three very different spellings can be identified, although it is true that they are from the same school and that one of them stands out above the other two.

On this occasion, the text was adapted to the images, as can be seen in the changes of signs, repetition of chapters, and omission of others. This was unusual for this type of book.

The book itself is nothing more than a perfect manual of the steps that the ka of the deceased must follow in the Duat. A Guide to the Perils of the Path to Judgment with Osiris. Thus, this book would have been called the book of eternal awakening.

Although approximately twenty-five thousand different copies of the Book of the Dead have been found, this papyrus of Ani is, without a doubt, one of the best-preserved copies. Therefore, the book itself has been a great source of knowledge about the religiosity of the ancient Egyptians.

The “strange” find of the papyrus

Discovered in the tomb of Ani at Thebes (nineteenth dynasty ca. 1250 BC), it recounts the journey to the afterlife of this high official and royal scribe together with his wife, the priestess Tutu.

It was purchased by the controversial Ernest Wallis Budge (1857-1934). Given the “strange” circumstances by which the piece was taken, the authorities of the Antiquities Service surrounded the Egyptologist’s house to seize the pieces. But Budge did not flinch, and he evaded the pieces.

In order to more easily take out the papyrus from the country, he cut its more than twenty-three meters into thirty-seven fragments, which are the ones that can be seen today in the British Museum in London.

Isis and Nephthys before Osiris, in the form of a Djed pillar. Papyrus of Ani.